Martínez, Luciano (2003). Endogenous peasant responses to structural adjustment: Ecuador in comparative andean perspective.En: Rural Progress, Rural Decay. Liisa North and John Cameron (eds).Kumarian Press, USA.
The implementation of SAPs in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in increased
levels of poverty and social inequality throughout the Andean
region. Although the GDPs of the countries in the region did grow during
that period, the standard of living of the majority of their residents
deteriorated significantly. This decline was especially notable in the countryside
where poverty increased even more than it did in urban areas,
resulting in a visible pauperization of the majority of rural producers and
rural indigenous producers in particular.